Fainting (Syncope): Recognising and Responding to Fainting Episodes Fainting, or syncope, is a sudden, brief loss of consciousness caused by a temporary reduction in blood flow to the brain. Although fainting is usually not life-threatening, it can sometimes be a symptom of an underlying health condition or result in injury if the person falls. Knowing how to respond when someone faints can help prevent complications and ensure they receive appropriate care. What is Fainting? Fainting occurs when the brain temporarily does not receive enough oxygen-rich blood, causing a loss of consciousness. This can happen due to various factors, including dehydration, …

Electrocution: Recognising and Responding to Electrical Injuries Electrocution occurs when a person comes into contact with an electrical current, which can cause severe injuries or even death. Electrical injuries can affect the skin, muscles, heart, and other vital organs, making it crucial to act quickly and safely. Whether the person is shocked by household electricity or a high-voltage source, knowing how to provide first aid can prevent further harm and potentially save their life. What is Electrocution? Electrocution refers to injury or death caused by electricity passing through the body. When a person is electrocuted, the current can disrupt the …

Drowning and Near Drowning: Recognising and Responding to Water-Related Emergencies Drowning is a life-threatening emergency that occurs when a person is submerged in water and unable to breathe, leading to asphyxiation. Near drowning refers to survival after a drowning incident, but it still requires immediate medical attention due to the risk of complications, such as lung damage or secondary drowning. Understanding how to respond to a drowning situation is critical for saving lives. What is Drowning? Drowning happens when a person’s airway is submerged, causing them to inhale water. This prevents oxygen from reaching the lungs and, in turn, the …

Eye Injuries: Recognising and Responding to Eye Emergencies Eye injuries can range from minor irritations to serious trauma that could lead to permanent vision loss. Knowing how to provide first aid for different types of eye injuries is crucial for protecting the person’s eyesight and preventing further damage. Whether the injury is caused by a foreign object, chemicals, or blunt trauma, prompt action can make a significant difference in the outcome. Types of Eye Injuries There are several common types of eye injuries, including: Foreign Objects: Dust, dirt, sand, or small particles that enter the eye and cause irritation. Chemical …

Poisoning: Recognising and Responding to Poisoning Emergencies Poisoning occurs when harmful substances are ingested, inhaled, absorbed through the skin, or injected into the body. Poisoning can happen accidentally, intentionally, or due to environmental exposure. It is a medical emergency that requires prompt action to prevent serious injury or death. Understanding the signs of poisoning and knowing how to provide first aid can make a significant difference in the outcome. Common Causes of Poisoning Poisoning can result from a variety of substances, including: Medications: Overdosing on prescription or over-the-counter drugs, either accidentally or intentionally. Household Chemicals: Cleaning products, bleach, pesticides, and …

Hypothermia and Frostbite: Recognising and Responding to Cold-Related Emergencies Hypothermia and frostbite are serious conditions that occur when the body is exposed to extreme cold. They can develop quickly and lead to life-threatening complications if not treated immediately. Knowing how to recognise the signs and provide first aid for cold-related emergencies can prevent permanent damage or death. What is Hypothermia? Hypothermia occurs when the body loses heat faster than it can produce it, causing the core body temperature to drop below 35°C (95°F). Prolonged exposure to cold weather, immersion in cold water, or wearing inadequate clothing in cold conditions can …

Heat Exhaustion and Heatstroke: Recognising and Responding to Heat-Related Illnesses Heat exhaustion and heatstroke are serious conditions that occur when the body becomes overheated. These conditions can develop quickly, especially in hot, humid environments or during strenuous physical activity. Left untreated, heat exhaustion can progress to heatstroke, a life-threatening emergency. Knowing the signs and how to respond can prevent severe complications or death. What is Heat Exhaustion? Heat exhaustion occurs when the body loses too much water and salt through sweating, making it difficult to regulate internal temperature. It can happen after prolonged exposure to high temperatures, especially when combined …

Seizures and Epilepsy: Recognising and Providing First Aid for Seizures Seizures, also known as fits, are sudden bursts of electrical activity in the brain that disrupt normal functioning. They can vary in intensity and duration, with some seizures being mild and others life-threatening. Epilepsy is a neurological condition that makes a person prone to recurrent seizures. Knowing how to respond to someone having a seizure can prevent injury and potentially save their life. What is a Seizure? A seizure occurs when there is abnormal electrical activity in the brain. This can lead to a variety of symptoms, from brief lapses …

Diabetic Emergencies: Recognising and Responding to Hypoglycaemia and Hyperglycaemia Diabetes is a condition that affects the body’s ability to regulate blood sugar (glucose) levels. While many people with diabetes manage their condition with medication, diet, and lifestyle, diabetic emergencies can still occur. These emergencies happen when blood sugar levels become dangerously low (hypoglycaemia) or too high (hyperglycaemia). Knowing how to recognise and respond to these emergencies is crucial to prevent serious complications. What is Hypoglycaemia (Low Blood Sugar)? Hypoglycaemia occurs when blood sugar levels drop below normal. This is often due to taking too much insulin or other diabetes medication, …

Stroke: Recognising and Responding to a Medical Emergency Using the F.A.S.T. Protocol A stroke is a serious, life-threatening medical condition that occurs when the blood supply to a part of the brain is disrupted. Strokes can lead to long-term disability or even death if not treated promptly. Recognising the signs of a stroke and acting quickly using the F.A.S.T. protocol can significantly increase the chances of survival and recovery. What is a Stroke? A stroke occurs when the blood flow to a part of the brain is interrupted or reduced, depriving brain tissue of oxygen and nutrients. Without oxygen, brain cells begin …

Heart Attack and Angina: Recognising Symptoms and Providing First Aid Heart attacks and angina are both serious heart conditions that require immediate attention. While angina is usually a warning sign of heart disease, a heart attack is a medical emergency that can be life-threatening. Understanding the symptoms of each and knowing how to provide first aid can help save a life. What is a Heart Attack? A heart attack, or myocardial infarction, occurs when the blood supply to a part of the heart muscle is blocked, usually by a blood clot. This prevents oxygen from reaching the heart muscle, which can …